The Ultimate Guide to Choosing the Right 3D Printing Filament: Comparing PLA, ABS, PETG, and More

In recent years, 3D printing has taken the world by storm, revolutionizing the way we design, prototype, and manufacture a wide range of products. One of the key factors that determines the success of a 3D printed object is the filament used. With so many types of filaments available on the market, it can be overwhelming for both beginners and experienced users to choose the right material for their project. In this ultimate guide, we will compare the most popular 3D printing filaments - PLA, ABS, PETG, and more - discussing their properties, strengths, weaknesses, and ideal applications.

Section 1: Understanding 3D Printing Filaments 

1.1 What is a 3D Printing Filament?

1.2 The Role of Filament in the 3D Printing Process

1.3 Factors to Consider When Choosing a Filament

Section 2: PLA (Polylactic Acid) Filament 

2.1 Overview of PLA Filament

2.2 Key Properties and Characteristics

2.3 Advantages of Using PLA

2.4 Disadvantages of Using PLA

2.5 Best Applications for PLA

Section 3: ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) Filament 

3.1 Overview of ABS Filament 3.2 Key Properties and Characteristics 3.3 Advantages of Using ABS 3.4 Disadvantages of Using ABS 3.5 Best Applications for ABS

Section 4: PETG (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol) Filament 

4.1 Overview of PETG Filament 4.2 Key Properties and Characteristics 4.3 Advantages of Using PETG 4.4 Disadvantages of Using PETG 4.5 Best Applications for PETG

Section 5: Nylon Filament 

5.1 Overview of Nylon Filament 5.2 Key Properties and Characteristics 5.3 Advantages of Using Nylon 5.4 Disadvantages of Using Nylon 5.5 Best Applications for Nylon

Section 6: TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane) Filament

6.1 Overview of TPU Filament 6.2 Key Properties and Characteristics 6.3 Advantages of Using TPU 6.4 Disadvantages of Using TPU 6.5 Best Applications for TPU

Section 7: Other Notable Filaments 

7.1 HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) 7.2 PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) 7.3 Wood-Filled Filaments 7.4 Metal-Filled Filaments

 

Section 1: Understanding 3D Printing Filaments

1.1 What is a 3D Printing Filament?

A 3D printing filament is the material used by most desktop 3D printers to create objects layer by layer. The filament, typically a thermoplastic, is heated and extruded through a nozzle, which deposits the material onto the build platform in a precise pattern. As the filament cools and solidifies, it forms a solid layer. The process is repeated for each layer until the complete 3D object is formed. Filaments are available in various types and compositions, each with its own set of properties and characteristics, which influence the final print's quality, strength, and appearance.

1.2 The Role of Filament in the 3D Printing Process

The filament plays a crucial role in the 3D printing process, as it serves as the primary building material for the printed object. The choice of filament determines several aspects of the final product, including its strength, flexibility, durability, and appearance. Different filaments also require varying printing conditions, such as temperature, print speed, and bed adhesion techniques. As a result, selecting the appropriate filament is vital to achieving the desired outcome and ensuring a successful print.

1.3 Factors to Consider When Choosing a Filament

When choosing a filament for a 3D printing project, several factors must be taken into account to ensure the best possible results:

• Material properties: Consider the properties of the filament, such as strength, flexibility, and thermal resistance, and how they align with your project requirements. Some projects may require a strong and rigid material, while others may benefit from a more flexible or heat-resistant filament.

• Printability: Different filaments have unique printing parameters, including optimal printing temperature, bed temperature, and print speed. Ensure that your 3D printer is compatible with the chosen filament and can accommodate its specific printing requirements.

• Environmental factors: Some filaments are more sensitive to environmental factors, such as humidity, and may require storage in a dry and temperature-controlled environment. Additionally, consider the environmental impact of the filament, as some materials, like PLA, are biodegradable and more eco-friendly than others.

• Post-processing: Depending on the filament, the final print may require additional post-processing steps, such as sanding, painting, or chemical treatments. Consider whether you have the necessary tools and expertise to perform these tasks.

• Cost: Filament prices can vary significantly, depending on the type and brand. Determine your budget and weigh the cost against the required properties and print quality to make an informed decision.

Taking these factors into consideration will help you select the right filament for your specific 3D printing project and ensure the best possible outcome.

 

Section 2: PLA (Polylactic Acid) Filament

2.1 Overview of PLA Filament

Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic derived from renewable resources like cornstarch or sugarcane. It is one of the most popular materials used in 3D printing due to its ease of use, low cost, and eco-friendly properties. PLA is available in a wide range of colors and finishes, making it a versatile choice for various applications, from prototyping to creating decorative items and more.

2.2 Key Properties and Characteristics

• Biodegradable: PLA is made from plant-based materials, which makes it compostable and more environmentally friendly compared to petroleum-based plastics.

• Low melting temperature: PLA typically prints at a lower temperature (180-220°C) compared to other filaments. This makes it easier to work with and reduces the risk of warping during printing.

• Good print quality: PLA is known for producing high-quality prints with a smooth surface finish and sharp details. It also exhibits minimal shrinkage and good layer adhesion.

• Brittle: While PLA is relatively strong, it can be brittle, making it less suitable for applications requiring high impact resistance or flexibility.

2.3 Advantages of Using PLA

• Easy to print: PLA's low melting temperature and minimal warping make it beginner-friendly and easy to print with, even on lower-end 3D printers.

• Odorless: Unlike some other filaments, PLA produces no unpleasant odors during the printing process.

• Wide color range: PLA is available in a vast array of colors and finishes, including translucent, metallic, and glow-in-the-dark options.

• Eco-friendly: As a biodegradable material derived from renewable sources, PLA has a lower environmental impact than other plastics.

2.4 Disadvantages of Using PLA

• Low heat resistance: PLA softens at relatively low temperatures, which can be problematic for applications exposed to heat or direct sunlight.

• Brittle nature: PLA's brittleness may not be suitable for parts that require high impact resistance or flexibility.

• Limited durability: Over time, PLA can degrade, especially when exposed to moisture or UV light.

2.5 Best Applications for PLA

PLA is ideal for a wide range of applications, including:

• Rapid prototyping: PLA's ease of printing and high-quality finish make it perfect for creating prototypes and concept models.

• Decorative items: The vast color selection and smooth surface finish make PLA ideal for creating visually appealing items like sculptures, vases, and ornaments.

• Educational projects: PLA's low cost and ease of use make it a popular choice for schools and educational institutions.

• Low-stress parts: PLA can be used for creating parts that do not require high strength or temperature resistance, such as enclosures, brackets, and non-functional models.

Overall, PLA is an excellent choice for beginners and experienced users alike, offering a balance of ease of use, print quality, and eco-friendliness for various 3D printing applications.

 

Section 3: ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) Filament

3.1 Overview of ABS Filament

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a widely used thermoplastic in various industries, including automotive, consumer goods, and electronics. In 3D printing, ABS is popular for its strength, durability, and heat resistance. ABS parts can be post-processed easily, allowing for a smooth and professional finish. However, ABS can be more challenging to print with than PLA due to its higher printing temperature and tendency to warp.

3.2 Key Properties and Characteristics

• High strength and durability: ABS is known for its toughness, making it suitable for applications that require impact resistance and long-term durability.

• Heat resistance: ABS has a higher glass transition temperature (around 105°C) compared to PLA, making it a better choice for parts exposed to heat or high temperatures.

• Good layer adhesion: When printed under optimal conditions, ABS exhibits excellent layer adhesion, resulting in strong and cohesive prints.

• Warping: ABS is prone to warping due to its higher shrinkage rate, which can lead to print failures or dimensional inaccuracies.

3.3 Advantages of Using ABS

• Strong and durable: ABS parts are impact-resistant and long-lasting, making them suitable for functional prototypes and end-use parts.

• Heat resistance: ABS's higher glass transition temperature makes it an ideal choice for applications exposed to heat, such as electronic enclosures or automotive components.

• Post-processing: ABS can be easily sanded, painted, and glued, allowing for a professional finish and the ability to combine multiple parts seamlessly.

• Soluble support material: ABS can be used in conjunction with HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) as a support material, which can be dissolved in limonene, allowing for the creation of complex geometries without the need for manual support removal.

3.4 Disadvantages of Using ABS

• Warping and shrinkage: ABS's tendency to warp and shrink can lead to print failures or dimensional inaccuracies, making it more challenging to print with than PLA.

• Fumes: ABS emits unpleasant and potentially harmful fumes during the printing process, requiring proper ventilation or an enclosed printer with a filtration system.

• Higher printing temperature: ABS requires a higher printing temperature (typically 220-250°C) and a heated bed, which may not be compatible with all 3D printers.

3.5 Best Applications for ABS

ABS is well-suited for a variety of applications, including:

• Functional prototypes: ABS's strength and durability make it ideal for creating functional prototypes that require impact resistance and long-term use.

• End-use parts: ABS is suitable for manufacturing end-use parts, such as automotive components, consumer goods, and electronic enclosures.

• Complex geometries: With the use of soluble support materials like HIPS, ABS can be used to create intricate designs and overhangs without the need for manual support removal.

• Post-processed models: ABS's ease of post-processing allows for smooth, professional finishes and seamless part assembly, making it perfect for creating display models or props.

In summary, ABS is an excellent choice for users looking for a strong, durable, and heat-resistant filament. However, it is essential to consider the challenges associated with printing ABS, such as warping, fumes, and higher printing temperatures, and ensure that the necessary equipment and environment are available.

 

 

Section 5: Nylon (Polyamide) Filament

5.1 Overview of Nylon Filament

Nylon, also known as polyamide, is a versatile thermoplastic with a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent durability, and good chemical resistance. It has been widely used in various industries for decades, and its introduction to the 3D printing world has opened up new possibilities for creating strong, functional parts and prototypes.

5.2 Key Properties and Characteristics

• High strength and durability: Nylon is known for its excellent strength and durability, making it suitable for applications that require impact resistance and long-term use.

• Flexibility: Nylon offers a balance of strength and flexibility, allowing for the creation of parts that need some degree of flexibility without sacrificing durability.

• Chemical resistance: Nylon is resistant to many chemicals, including oils, greases, and solvents, making it ideal for industrial and automotive applications.

• Hygroscopic: Nylon is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs moisture from the surrounding environment, which can affect its printability and mechanical properties. Proper storage and drying are essential when working with nylon filament.

5.3 Advantages of Using Nylon

• Strong and lightweight: Nylon's high strength-to-weight ratio makes it an excellent choice for creating lightweight yet durable parts, such as drones, automotive components, or robotics.

• Versatile applications: Nylon's combination of strength, flexibility, and chemical resistance makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, including functional prototypes, end-use parts, and industrial components.

• Good layer adhesion: When printed under optimal conditions, nylon exhibits excellent layer adhesion, resulting in strong and cohesive prints.

5.4 Disadvantages of Using Nylon

• Moisture sensitivity: Nylon's hygroscopic nature can make it challenging to work with, as moisture absorption can affect print quality and mechanical properties. Proper storage and drying are crucial when using nylon filament.

• Warping and shrinkage: Nylon can be prone to warping and shrinkage, which can lead to print failures or dimensional inaccuracies. A heated bed and an enclosed print chamber can help mitigate these issues.

• Higher printing temperature: Nylon requires a higher printing temperature (typically 250-270°C) compared to PLA or PETG, which may not be compatible with all 3D printers.

5.5 Best Applications for Nylon

Nylon is well-suited for various applications, including:

• Functional prototypes and end-use parts: Nylon's strength and durability make it ideal for creating functional prototypes and end-use parts that require long-term use and impact resistance.

• Industrial and automotive components: Nylon's chemical resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio make it suitable for industrial and automotive applications, such as gears, bearings, or custom car parts.

• Robotics and drones: Nylon's lightweight and strong properties make it an excellent choice for creating robotic components or drone parts, where weight and durability are crucial factors.

• Flexible parts: Nylon's balance of strength and flexibility allows for the creation of parts that require some degree of flexibility, such as hinges, snap-fit components, or cable management solutions.

In conclusion, nylon is a highly versatile filament that offers a unique combination of strength, flexibility, and chemical resistance, making it an excellent choice for a wide range of applications. However, it is essential to consider the challenges associated with printing nylon, such as moisture sensitivity, warping, and higher printing temperatures, and ensure that proper storage and printing conditions are in place.

 

Section 6: TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane) Filament

6.1 Overview of TPU Filament

Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) is a flexible, rubber-like material that is gaining popularity in the 3D printing world due to its unique properties. TPU combines the elasticity of rubber with the strength and durability of thermoplastics, making it an ideal choice for a wide range of applications that require flexibility and resistance to wear, tear, and abrasion.

6.2 Key Properties and Characteristics

• Flexibility: TPU is highly flexible and can be stretched and compressed without losing its original shape. The level of flexibility can vary depending on the specific TPU formulation, with some being more rigid and others being more elastic.

• Durability: TPU is resistant to wear, tear, and abrasion, making it suitable for applications that require durability and the ability to withstand harsh conditions.

• Chemical resistance: TPU is resistant to many oils, greases, and chemicals, making it ideal for industrial applications.

• Layer adhesion: TPU typically exhibits excellent layer adhesion, resulting in strong and cohesive prints.

6.3 Advantages of Using TPU

• High flexibility: TPU's elasticity allows for the creation of parts that require flexibility, such as seals, gaskets, or wearable items.

• Durability and resistance: TPU's resistance to wear, tear, and chemicals make it an ideal choice for heavy-duty applications or parts exposed to harsh environments.

• Good layer adhesion: TPU prints with strong layer adhesion, which helps create durable and long-lasting prints.

• Wide range of hardness: TPU is available in varying degrees of hardness, allowing users to select a filament with the desired level of flexibility and rigidity.

6.4 Disadvantages of Using TPU

• Printing difficulty: TPU can be challenging to print with, especially on Bowden-style 3D printers, due to its flexibility and tendency to cause extruder jams. Direct-drive extruders are generally better suited for printing TPU.

• Slow print speed: TPU often requires slower print speeds to achieve optimal print quality and prevent extruder jams.

• Limited compatibility: Not all 3D printers can print TPU, as it requires specific extruder setups and temperature settings.

6.5 Best Applications for TPU

TPU is well-suited for a variety of applications, including:

• Wearable items: TPU's flexibility and durability make it perfect for creating wearable items like wristbands, straps, or shoe insoles.

• Seals and gaskets: TPU's elasticity and chemical resistance make it an excellent choice for creating seals, gaskets, or other components that require a tight fit and the ability to withstand exposure to chemicals or oils.

• Protective cases and covers: TPU can be used to create protective cases or covers for electronic devices, as it provides shock absorption and a secure grip.

• Custom rubber parts: TPU's rubber-like properties make it ideal for creating custom rubber parts, such as bumpers, vibration dampeners, or flexible mounts.

In summary, TPU is an excellent filament choice for applications that require flexibility, durability, and resistance to wear and chemicals. While it can be challenging to print with, the unique properties and wide range of applications make TPU a valuable addition to any 3D printing enthusiast's material lineup.

 

Section 7: Other Notable Filaments

In addition to the filaments mentioned in previous sections, there are several other materials that offer unique properties and capabilities for various applications. Some of these notable filaments include:

7.1 Wood-filled Filament

Wood-filled filaments are composite materials that combine PLA or other thermoplastics with fine wood particles. These filaments offer the aesthetic and tactile appeal of natural wood while maintaining the ease of printing associated with PLA. Wood-filled prints can be sanded, stained, and painted to create a wide range of finishes, making them ideal for creating decorative items, furniture, or artistic pieces.

7.2 Metal-filled Filament

Metal-filled filaments are composites that blend PLA or other thermoplastics with metallic powders, such as copper, bronze, or stainless steel. These materials provide the appearance and, to some extent, the properties of metal while remaining printable on conventional FDM 3D printers. Metal-filled prints can be post-processed through polishing, patination, or other techniques to achieve various metal finishes, making them suitable for creating decorative items, jewelry, or sculptures.

7.3 Carbon Fiber-filled Filament

Carbon fiber-filled filaments combine PLA, PETG, or other thermoplastics with short carbon fibers, resulting in materials with increased strength, stiffness, and dimensional stability. These filaments are ideal for creating lightweight, strong, and rigid parts for applications such as drones, robotics, or automotive components. However, carbon fiber-filled filaments can be abrasive and may require specialized nozzles, such as hardened steel or ruby nozzles, to prevent wear.

7.4 High-Temperature Filaments

High-temperature filaments, such as PEEK (Polyether Ether Ketone) or PEI (Polyetherimide), offer exceptional heat resistance, chemical resistance, and mechanical properties, making them suitable for demanding industrial applications. These materials require specialized high-temperature 3D printers and can be more challenging to print with compared to more common filaments.

7.5 Biodegradable Filaments

Biodegradable filaments, such as PCL (Polycaprolactone) or some bio-based PLA formulations, are designed to break down over time under specific environmental conditions. These materials can be useful for creating temporary structures, medical applications, or environmentally-conscious projects where reducing waste is a priority.

In summary, the world of 3D printing filament offers a diverse range of materials, each with unique properties and applications. Beyond the more common filaments like PLA, ABS, PETG, TPU, Nylon, and Polycarbonate, there are many other options available for specific projects and requirements. Exploring these various filaments can open up new possibilities for your 3D printing projects and help you create parts and prototypes tailored to your specific needs.

We hope this article has been helpful. Happy Printing!